What is the difference between int and
Int32?
Int32 is a class of namespace System. Keyword "int"
is the alias of the class. So there is no real difference.
What does mutable and immutable means?
Immutable objects (read-only) are objects whose value cannot
be modified once it has been created. Methods that appear to modify an
immutable object actually return a new object that contains the modification (the
previous object remains in memory until garbage collected).
Mutable Objects are objects whose value can be modified.
What is the difference between String class
and StringBuilder class? Which one is better?
String Class is immutable and StringBuilder class is
mutable. If the object has many operations involved then StringBuilder class is
a better option.
What is CLR? Who loads the CLR into a process?
Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the commercial
implementation of the specification Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). The
Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) is an open specification
developed by Microsoft that
describes the executable code and runtime environment. The CLR is the platform
on which the complete .NET Framework has been developed.
Hosts will load the CLR into the process. For further
information regarding this please refer to the article “Understanding Application Domains and CLR
hosts.”
What is an Application Domain?
Application domains help in providing isolation, unloading,
and security boundaries for executing managed code. These Application Domains
are very similar to the operating system concept Process. The isolation of
applications is achieved using Application Domains. This will help them to see
that they do not affect each other.
For further information on Application Domains please refer
the article “Understanding Application
Domains and CLR hosts”
What are delegates?
A delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or
C++. Using a delegate allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a
method inside a delegate object. The delegate object can then be passed to code
which can call the referenced method, without having to know at compile time
which method will be invoked. Unlike function pointers in C or C++, delegates
are object-oriented, type-safe, and secure.
For further information on delegate please refer the article
working with
Delegates in C#
What is difference between delegates and
Events?
A delegate is a reference to a method. A delegate is raw in
its nature, but an event is hooked up with a control; it acts based on the
behavior of the control. An event is a delegate, but a delegate is not an
event. Event = Delegate + Event handling logic.
What is a partial class?
A Partial class is a class that can be split into two or
more classes. This means that a class can be physically separated into other
parts of the class within the same namespace. All the parts must use the
partial keyword. All the other classes should also have the same access
modifier. At the compile time, all the partial classes will be treated as a
single class. Let us list some advantages of having partial classes.
·
Allows a clean separation of business logic layer and the user
interface.
·
The UI code can be hidden from the developer.
·
Makes the debugging easier.
What is a Sealed Class? Where is it used?
A sealed class is a class for which there will be no derived
class. The keyword sealed ensures no overriding of members.
In general all the API and framework classes are made to be
sealed classes.
What are Generics?
Generics are classes, structures, interfaces, and methods
that have placeholders (type parameters) for one or more of the types they
store or use. Using Generics, the type safety check burden will be on the
compiler rather than developer. Hence, the Developer needs to write the code
explicitly for checking type safety.
Listing 1
public class Generic<T>
{
public T Field;
}
Generic<string> g = new Generic<string>();
g.Field = "Some Value";Listing 1 shows a simple example of Generics. The generic
class defined has a field of the type T. The type T is initialized to be
string.
What is the class name for accessing the
Configuration in .NET 2.0?
The class name used for accessing configuration in .NET 2.0
is ConfigurationManager. The ConfigurationManager class is a static class which
has all the methods for accessing application configuration file. For web
applications we have WebConfigurationManager class. The WebConfigurationManager
allows us to access machine and application information.
What is an Exception? What is the Base
class for all the exception classes?
Exception is an unusual error condition that occurs during the
execution of a program or an application. Whenever an exception occurs, the
.NET runtime throws an object of type "Exception." All the Exceptions
thrown by .NET runtime have their base class as Exception. For more information
of handling exceptions please refer the article Exception
Handling in .NET 2.0.
What is an Assembly?
An assembly is a basic building block for any application in
the .NET Framework. It is a fundamental unit of deployment, version control,
reuse, activation scoping, and security permissions. An assembly is a
collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a
logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the Common Language Runtime
(CLR) with the information it needs to be aware of type implementations. During
runtime, a type does not exist outside the context of an assembly.
The contents of an assembly are the following.
·
CIL – Common Intermediate Language (formerly MSIL - Microsoft
Intermediate Language)
·
Assembly Manifest – The Assembly Manifest has the information
like Name, Version number, Culture, Strong Name information, etc.
·
Type Metadata
·
Resources
What is a Satellite Assembly?
Satellite Assembly is a .NET Framework assembly
containing resources specific to a given language. Using a satellite assembly,
we can place resources of different languages in different assemblies and the
correct assembly is loaded into memory only if the user elects to view the
application in that language.
How does CLR differentiate an Assembly from
a Satellite Assembly?
Please refer to the article “Creating
an Assembly Programmatically.”
What is a .NET module? How is a .NET module
different from an Assembly?
A .NET module is a portable executable file of type.dll or
.exe consisting of one or more classes. This is similar to a .NET assembly
which consists of classes, namespaces, etc.
A .NET module can not be deployed alone. It has to be linked
into an assembly. This can be done by using compiler’s /add module switch (if
the compiler supports it), al.exe, or in .NET Framework 2.0, link.exe.
Can we programmatically write an Assembly?
Yes, we can programmatically write any assembly. Please
refer to the article Creating
an Assembly Programmatically for further details.
What is CodeDOM in .NET used for?
CodeDOM is an API that helps in creating and compiling a
programming structure at Runtime. Creating a programming structure involves
creation of Namespace, Type – Class, Interface and even methods at the Runtime.
The implementation of CodeDOM can be divided in the two ways shown below.
The namespace for the CodeDOM is System.CodeDOM.
·
Compiling or Building the Programs at the Runtime
·
Using CodeDOM for generating a Program structure
For further information on CodeDOM please refer to the
article Using
CodeDOM in .NET 2.0.
What is GAC?
The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) stores assemblies
specifically designated to be shared by several applications on the computer.
Assemblies deployed in the global assembly cache must have a strong name. When
an assembly is added to the global assembly cache, integrity checks are
performed on all files that make up the assembly. GAC physically creates
directories for each version of the assembly. The Global Assembly Cache (GAC),
when viewed using Explorer, has its view rendered in a special manner by the OS
shell. When an Assembly is added to GAC these are the attributes that it takes.
·
Assembly Name – Name of the Assembly
·
Version – Version [Major-Minor-Revision-Build]
·
Culture – Culture will be null for normal Assembly
·
Public Key Token - This is a 64-bit hash of the public key which makes the assembly name unique.
·
Processor Architecture – Either MSIL or x86
Life cycle of ASP.NET 2.0 Page
Life cycle of the page is defined as the list of events that
get fired from the Page initialization to page rendering. The list of events is
illustrated along with the descriptions.
|
Name of the Event
|
When does the event fire
|
|
PreInit
|
Occurs at the beginning of page initialization.
|
|
Init
|
Occurs when the server control is initialized, which is
the first step in its lifecycle.
|
|
InitComplete
|
Occurs when page initialization is complete.
|
|
PreLoad
|
Occurs before the page Load event.
|
|
Load
|
Occurs when the server control is loaded into the Page object.
|
|
PreRender
|
Occurs after the Control object is loaded, but prior to
rendering.
|
|
PreRenderComplete
|
Occurs before the page content is rendered.
|
|
SaveStateComplete
|
Occurs after the page has completed saving all view state
and control state information for the page and controls on the page.
|
|
LoadComplete
|
Occurs at the end of the load stage of the page's life
cycle.
|
|
Unload
|
Occurs when the server control is unloaded from memory.
|
What is the Pre-Compilation feature of
ASP.NET 2.0? How does the new folder structure help for the same?
By default, ASP.NET Web pages and code files are compiled
dynamically when users first request a resource such as a page from the Web
site. After pages and code files have been compiled the first time, the compiled
resources are cached, so that subsequent requests to the same page are
extremely efficient. This was in previous versions of ASP.NET, but in ASP.NET
2.0 we have a feature called as pre-compilation. With this, ASP.NET can also
pre-compile an entire site before it is made available to users. We have some
pre-defined folder structures for enabling this feature of pre-compilation. Let
us list down some of the folders with a brief description of what they are
meant for.
·
App_Code – meant for storing classes
·
App_Themes – meant for storing CSS files, Images, etc.
·
App_Data –meant for storing XML files, Text Files, etc.
·
App_GlobalResources – meant for storing all the resources at
global level E.g. resx files, etc
·
App_LocalResources – meant for storing all the resources at
local/Page level
What is Authentication in ASP.NET?
Authentication is the process of identifying a user with
identification credentials like User name and Password with some authority.
Generally after authentication the system gets to know who the user is. ASP.Net
has some authentication providers. Let us discuss some of them.
Windows Authentication Provider - Windows authentication in
conjunction with Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) authentication
to secure ASP.NET applications
Forms Authentication Provider – An application-specific
login form and performs authentication using user code.
Passport Authentication provider – Centralized
authentication service provided by Microsoft offers a single login and core
profile service for member sites.
What is Authorization in ASP.NET?
Authorization determines whether an identity/user should be granted
access to a specific resource. Authorization requires that the authentication
is already done. There are 2 ways to authorize access to a given resource:
·
File authorization - File authorization is performed by the
FileAuthorizationModule. It checks the access control list (ACL) of the .aspx
or .asmx handler file to determine whether a user should have access to the
file.
·
URL authorization - URL authorization is performed by the
UrlAuthorizationModule, which maps users and roles to URLs in ASP.NET
applications.
Listing 2
<authorization>
<[allow|deny] users roles verbs />
</authorization>
What is the difference between
Response.Redirect() and Server.Transfer()?
|
Redirect Method
|
Transfer Method
|
|
Client knows about the redirection of the URL.
|
Client does not know anything about the transfer. It
appears to be the same old URL for the client.
|
|
ASP.net can force reauthorization by using the Redirect method
instead of the Transfer method.
|
ASP.NET does not verify that the current user is
authorized to view the resource delivered by the Transfer method. You need to
have a Custom logic for the same.
|
|
Response.Redirect is little bit slower, but it retains the
new URL.
|
Server.Transfer is faster as it reduces 1 less trip to the
client.
|
|
Cannot use HTTPContext.Items.
|
HTTPContext.Items are accessible.
|
