I hope that you have learned something about design patterns and object instantiation as a whole. These lists are definitely not complete, but are simply some important design considerations when developing software, and are some of the approaches to creating objects.  In addition, you can find plenty of information on the internet by just googling for one of the design pattern names.

Is it worth using design patterns? As a whole yes, but which pattern to choose can be a daunting task.  It is important to remember not to lose hope when you choose a pattern and later find that it would have been easier to choose an alternative pattern. While very helpful, design patterns are hard to apply because you need a grander scale of the design/requirements than is necessarily available to you at the time, which is why the principle of refactoring is very important.

Application development can be subjective for certain applications, meaning that there can be many solutions to one problem and they can all be the right approach.  What is important is not whether you have chosen the correct one, but whether you have implemented it well in your applications.